What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. It is commonly diagnosed in childhood, but symptoms can persist into adolescence and adulthood. The disorder is categorised into three primary types based on symptomatology: predominantly inattentive presentation, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, and combined presentation, which includes symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Accepted prevalence rates are 5.5-5.9% in children and 2.5% of adults.
The diagnostic process for ADHD is comprehensive and involves a multi-faceted evaluation to ensure accuracy. Diagnosis typically follows guidelines established by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which necessitates that symptoms be present for at least six months and be inconsistent with developmental level.
OPTIMIND proudly uses ADHD Link software to help patients provide comprehensive personal ratings and also ratings from family members or partners. This not only provides for the highest qualityassessments but allows the clinician to focus on important areas such as comorbidities. The finalised reports are extensive and are sent to the patients and their GP's.
Treatment for ADHD is typically multimodal, incorporating a combination of pharmacological, psychological, lifestyle, and educational interventions tailored to the individual’s needs. The primary pharmacological treatments are stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and dexamphetamine, which have been shown to effectively reduce core ADHD symptoms in many individuals. Non-stimulant medications, including atomoxetine and guanfacine, are also available and may be prescribed based on specific patient profiles or preferences. At OPTIMIND we believe in not just assessing for ADHD but also managingthis, and do not generally refer patients back to their own GP's or our GP until their mental health is stabilised.
Psychologist’s role in ADHD
Behavioural therapies play a critical role in managing ADHD, particularly in developing coping strategies and organisational skills. Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is often utilised to help individuals address negative thought patterns and improve self-regulation and problem-solving skills. Parent training programs are also valuable, as they equip parents with strategies to manage their child’s behaviour effectively and reinforce positive behaviours.
Educational interventions are tailored to support academic performance and may include individualised education plans (IEPs) for schools. These plans can provide accommodations such as extended test-taking time, preferential seating, or modified assignments to help students manage their symptoms and succeed academically. Similarly occupational adaptation plans can be developed for adult patients.
Additionally, lifestyle modifications such as establishing structured routines, ensuring regular physical activity, and promoting a healthy diet and sleep schedule can complement formal treatments and contribute to overall symptom management. For adults with ADHD, organisational tools and time management strategies can be beneficial in managing daily responsibilities and improving quality of life.
ADHD is a multifaceted condition that requires a nuanced approach to treatment and support. Psychiatry focuses on managing the neurological and biochemical aspects of the disorder, often through medication, while psychology offers valuable behavioural and cognitive strategies to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. With proper support, people with ADHD can harness their unique strengths and navigate life’s challenges more effectively.
